Saturday, 24 October 2015

Largest Sum Contiguous Subarray

Write an efficient C program to find the sum of contiguous subarray within a one-dimensional array of numbers which has the largest sum.
Kadane’s Algorithm:
Initialize:
    max_so_far = 0
    max_ending_here = 0

Loop for each element of the array
  (a) max_ending_here = max_ending_here + a[i]
  (b) if(max_ending_here < 0)
            max_ending_here = 0
  (c) if(max_so_far < max_ending_here)
            max_so_far = max_ending_here
return max_so_far
Explanation:
Simple idea of the Kadane's algorithm is to look for all positive contiguous segments of the array (max_ending_here is used for this). And keep track of maximum sum contiguous segment among all positive segments (max_so_far is used for this). Each time we get a positive sum compare it with max_so_far and update max_so_far if it is greater than max_so_far
    Lets take the example:
    {-2, -3, 4, -1, -2, 1, 5, -3}

    max_so_far = max_ending_here = 0

    for i=0,  a[0] =  -2
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (-2)
    Set max_ending_here = 0 because max_ending_here < 0

    for i=1,  a[1] =  -3
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (-3)
    Set max_ending_here = 0 because max_ending_here < 0

    for i=2,  a[2] =  4
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (4)
    max_ending_here = 4
    max_so_far is updated to 4 because max_ending_here greater 
    than max_so_far which was 0 till now

    for i=3,  a[3] =  -1
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (-1)
    max_ending_here = 3

    for i=4,  a[4] =  -2
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (-2)
    max_ending_here = 1

    for i=5,  a[5] =  1
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (1)
    max_ending_here = 2

    for i=6,  a[6] =  5
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (5)
    max_ending_here = 7
    max_so_far is updated to 7 because max_ending_here is 
    greater than max_so_far

    for i=7,  a[7] =  -3
    max_ending_here = max_ending_here + (-3)
    max_ending_here = 4
Program:
// C++ program to print largest contiguous array sum
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int maxSubArraySum(int a[], int size)
{
    int max_so_far = 0, max_ending_here = 0;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
    {
        max_ending_here = max_ending_here + a[i];
        if (max_ending_here < 0)
            max_ending_here = 0;
        if (max_so_far < max_ending_here)
            max_so_far = max_ending_here;
    }
    return max_so_far;
}
 
/*Driver program to test maxSubArraySum*/
int main()
{
    int a[] = {-2, -3, 4, -1, -2, 1, 5, -3};
    int n = sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]);
    int max_sum = maxSubArraySum(a, n);
    cout << "Maximum contiguous sum is \n" << max_sum;
    return 0;
}

Output:
Maximum contiguous sum is 7
Notes:
Algorithm doesn't work for all negative numbers. It simply returns 0 if all numbers are negative. For handling this we can add an extra phase before actual implementation. The phase will look if all numbers are negative, if they are it will return maximum of them (or smallest in terms of absolute value). There may be other ways to handle it though.
Above program can be optimized further, if we compare max_so_far with max_ending_here only if max_ending_here is greater than 0.
int maxSubArraySum(int a[], int size)
{
   int max_so_far = 0, max_ending_here = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
   {
       max_ending_here = max_ending_here + a[i];
       if (max_ending_here < 0)
           max_ending_here = 0;
 
       /* Do not compare for all elements. Compare only  
          when  max_ending_here > 0 */
       else if (max_so_far < max_ending_here)
           max_so_far = max_ending_here;
   }
   return max_so_far;
}
Time Complexity: O(n)
Algorithmic Paradigm: Dynamic Programming
Following is another simple implementation suggested by Mohit Kumar. The implementation handles the case when all numbers in array are negative.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int maxSubArraySum(int a[], int size)
{
   int max_so_far = a[0];
   int curr_max = a[0];
 
   for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
   {
        curr_max = max(a[i], curr_max+a[i]);
        max_so_far = max(max_so_far, curr_max);
   }
   return max_so_far;
}
 
/* Driver program to test maxSubArraySum */
int main()
{
   int a[] =  {-2, -3, 4, -1, -2, 1, 5, -3};
   int n = sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]);
   int max_sum = maxSubArraySum(a, n);
   cout << "Maximum contiguous sum is " << max_sum;
   return 0;
}

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